Center for Excellence in Assisted Living CEAL@UNC

Advancing the well-being of the people who live and work in assisted living through research, practice, and policy.

Quality Improvement

Quality of Life in Assisted Living Facilities for Seniors: A Descriptive Exploratory Study

Mar 1, 2024
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Seventeen residents in two AL communities were interviewed about their perceived quality of life. Their perspectives reflected an emphasis on the physical environment, social environment, and home-like atmosphere. The two major indicators of quality of life in the AL community were the resident’s ability to adapt to change and the community’s ability to meet residents’ diverse needs.

Quality of Life in Assisted Living Facilities for Seniors: A Descriptive Exploratory Study

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Seventeen residents in two AL communities were interviewed about their perceived quality of life. Their perspectives reflected an emphasis on the physical environment, social environment, and home-like atmosphere. The two major indicators of quality of life in the AL community were the resident’s ability to adapt to change and the community’s ability to meet residents’ diverse needs.

Worse Quality at For-Profit Assisted Living Facilities in Non-Urban Minnesota

Feb 1, 2024
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: This study examined the results of licensure surveys for 292 AL communities in non-urban Minnesota between 2021 and 2023. All AL communities received at least one citation, with an average of 15 citations. Citations were most commonly related to meals (e.g., not providing nutritious meals) and fire protection (e.g., safety and evacuation plans). The average number of citations and resulting fines were higher in for-profit communities than in non-profit/government communities.

Worse Quality at For-Profit Assisted Living Facilities in Non-Urban Minnesota

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: This study examined the results of licensure surveys for 292 AL communities in non-urban Minnesota between 2021 and 2023. All AL communities received at least one citation, with an average of 15 citations. Citations were most commonly related to meals (e.g., not providing nutritious meals) and fire protection (e.g., safety and evacuation plans). The average number of citations and resulting fines were higher in for-profit communities than in non-profit/government communities.

A Collaborative Approach to Improving Care Outcomes for Residents in Assisted Living

Jan 1, 2024
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: A longitudinal study of 50 residents and 119 care partners in 8 AL communities in Georgia over 2 years examined the concept of a “care convoy” (a dynamic network of formal and informal care partners) for AL residents. This model was supported by formal and informal interviewing, participant observation, and record review. The model is recommended for use by physicians and other healthcare providers to assist them in supporting the needs and goals of the residents and their care convoys, which is theorized to achieve better care outcomes.

A Collaborative Approach to Improving Care Outcomes for Residents in Assisted Living

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: A longitudinal study of 50 residents and 119 care partners in 8 AL communities in Georgia over 2 years examined the concept of a “care convoy” (a dynamic network of formal and informal care partners) for AL residents. This model was supported by formal and informal interviewing, participant observation, and record review. The model is recommended for use by physicians and other healthcare providers to assist them in supporting the needs and goals of the residents and their care convoys, which is theorized to achieve better care outcomes.

Measuring Older Adults’ Wellbeing When Transitioning into Assisted Living Facilities: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Mueller Assessment of Transition (MAT)

Dec 1, 2023
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: A study of the Mueller Assessment of Transition (MAT) tool in108 older adults in the U.S. who were transitioning into assisted living communities found that the MAT effectively measured wellbeing impact across regions and was internally consistent. Results suggests that the MAT could be a valuable tool for assessing the wellbeing of older adults during the transition to assisted living.

Measuring Older Adults’ Wellbeing When Transitioning into Assisted Living Facilities: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Mueller Assessment of Transition (MAT)

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: A study of the Mueller Assessment of Transition (MAT) tool in108 older adults in the U.S. who were transitioning into assisted living communities found that the MAT effectively measured wellbeing impact across regions and was internally consistent. Results suggests that the MAT could be a valuable tool for assessing the wellbeing of older adults during the transition to assisted living.

Older Adults’ Experiences of Participation in Daily Activities in Swedish Assisted Living

Nov 1, 2023
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Eleven older adults interviewed in two assisted living communities in Sweden reported their feelings regarding participation and decision-making in daily activities, such as routine personal and medical care. In a qualitative analysis, residents actively participating in these activities reported they led to feelings of happiness, connection, involvement and safety. However, the organization and work environment dictated the ability of care and nursing staff to involve residents in daily activities, a challenge of which the residents were also aware.

Older Adults’ Experiences of Participation in Daily Activities in Swedish Assisted Living

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Eleven older adults interviewed in two assisted living communities in Sweden reported their feelings regarding participation and decision-making in daily activities, such as routine personal and medical care. In a qualitative analysis, residents actively participating in these activities reported they led to feelings of happiness, connection, involvement and safety. However, the organization and work environment dictated the ability of care and nursing staff to involve residents in daily activities, a challenge of which the residents were also aware.

Identifying a National Cohort of Medicare Beneficiaries Residing in Assisted Living Settings: An Updated Method

May 1, 2023
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: A new methodology was developed for identifying Medicare beneficiaries residing in licensed AL communities in the US using zip code data, Medicare enrollment data, and claims data, and exclusion based on AL capacity (licensing information). Results suggested that using licensing information makes identifying AL residents receiving Medicare more accurate, which could inform research and policy by providing new insights into the health of AL residents.

Identifying a National Cohort of Medicare Beneficiaries Residing in Assisted Living Settings: An Updated Method

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: A new methodology was developed for identifying Medicare beneficiaries residing in licensed AL communities in the US using zip code data, Medicare enrollment data, and claims data, and exclusion based on AL capacity (licensing information). Results suggested that using licensing information makes identifying AL residents receiving Medicare more accurate, which could inform research and policy by providing new insights into the health of AL residents.

Fall Prevention Care Management: Implementation and Outcomes of a Project to Reduce Fall Risks of Older Adults in Assisted Living Facilities

May 1, 2023
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: In this study, undergraduate nursing students implemented a 6-week Fall Prevention Care Management intervention for 25 residents in two AL communities. The intervention included individualized care using motivational interviewing and behavioral change related to fall prevention, as well as helping residents reflect on their perceptions of fall prevention. Qualitative analysis suggested that individualized support improved residents’ opinions of the intervention and facilitated participation for residents at high risk of falls.

Fall Prevention Care Management: Implementation and Outcomes of a Project to Reduce Fall Risks of Older Adults in Assisted Living Facilities

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: In this study, undergraduate nursing students implemented a 6-week Fall Prevention Care Management intervention for 25 residents in two AL communities. The intervention included individualized care using motivational interviewing and behavioral change related to fall prevention, as well as helping residents reflect on their perceptions of fall prevention. Qualitative analysis suggested that individualized support improved residents’ opinions of the intervention and facilitated participation for residents at high risk of falls.

Interprofessional care in a retirement and assisted living community: the complexity of teamwork

Apr 1, 2023
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Face-to-face interviews with healthcare professionals, group meetings, and participant observation were used to examine interprofessional care teamwork in one community that combines independent living, AL, and skilled nursing. Organizational context, care setting factors, and reimbursement programs like Medicare and Medicaid affected teamwork in different ways; for example, co-location of services in a building did not necessarily ensure teamwork among care providers. Additionally, mission-driven investment in care was not sufficient to ensure teamwork. Thus, teamwork in communities that have different levels of care must be specifically considered when creating organizational policies and procedures.

Interprofessional care in a retirement and assisted living community: the complexity of teamwork

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Face-to-face interviews with healthcare professionals, group meetings, and participant observation were used to examine interprofessional care teamwork in one community that combines independent living, AL, and skilled nursing. Organizational context, care setting factors, and reimbursement programs like Medicare and Medicaid affected teamwork in different ways; for example, co-location of services in a building did not necessarily ensure teamwork among care providers. Additionally, mission-driven investment in care was not sufficient to ensure teamwork. Thus, teamwork in communities that have different levels of care must be specifically considered when creating organizational policies and procedures.

Robots in Assisted Living Facilities: Scoping Review

Mar 1, 2023
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: There is a persisting staffing shortage in long-term care, and the use of robots in AL shows promise in relieving some staffing pressures. This systematic review found benefits of using robots to improve social interaction, emotional regulation, and fall prevention; however, some studies found barriers to robot use and inconclusive results. Overall, the quality of many of the studies was questionable, and more rigorous studies are needed to understand the impact of robots on AL staff and residents.

Robots in Assisted Living Facilities: Scoping Review

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: There is a persisting staffing shortage in long-term care, and the use of robots in AL shows promise in relieving some staffing pressures. This systematic review found benefits of using robots to improve social interaction, emotional regulation, and fall prevention; however, some studies found barriers to robot use and inconclusive results. Overall, the quality of many of the studies was questionable, and more rigorous studies are needed to understand the impact of robots on AL staff and residents.

Well-being of professional older adults’ caregivers in Alberta’s assisted living and long-term care facilities: a cross-sectional study

Feb 1, 2023
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: A study in AL and other long-term care communities in Alberta assessed nurses’ and professional care aides’ physical, mental, and emotional health, behavior, stress, quality of life, turnover, and absenteeism. Mental and emotional health, quality of life, and stress related to turnover and absenteeism. Although 68% of caregivers reported being satisfied with their general health, they experienced heavy workloads and high stress. These issues may result in decreased job satisfaction, absenteeism, and higher turnover.

Well-being of professional older adults’ caregivers in Alberta’s assisted living and long-term care facilities: a cross-sectional study

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: A study in AL and other long-term care communities in Alberta assessed nurses’ and professional care aides’ physical, mental, and emotional health, behavior, stress, quality of life, turnover, and absenteeism. Mental and emotional health, quality of life, and stress related to turnover and absenteeism. Although 68% of caregivers reported being satisfied with their general health, they experienced heavy workloads and high stress. These issues may result in decreased job satisfaction, absenteeism, and higher turnover.

Digital Immunization Tracking in Long-Term Care and Assisted Living Facilities

Feb 1, 2023
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Vaccines are a part of the solution to infectious disease outbreaks like COVID-19, but not everyone is getting them, especially older adults. In a Canadian study, pneumonia vaccine uptake was improved by providing assisted living and long-term care communities with vaccine coverage data and providing automatic reminders for subsequent doses. Therefore, a cloud-based digital vaccination record is one solution to promote the uptake of adult vaccines for older adults, as well as tracking immunization records and sharing them with policymaking organizations. This can improve communication and inform policymakers to reduce the risk of infection in AL communities.

Digital Immunization Tracking in Long-Term Care and Assisted Living Facilities

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Vaccines are a part of the solution to infectious disease outbreaks like COVID-19, but not everyone is getting them, especially older adults. In a Canadian study, pneumonia vaccine uptake was improved by providing assisted living and long-term care communities with vaccine coverage data and providing automatic reminders for subsequent doses. Therefore, a cloud-based digital vaccination record is one solution to promote the uptake of adult vaccines for older adults, as well as tracking immunization records and sharing them with policymaking organizations. This can improve communication and inform policymakers to reduce the risk of infection in AL communities.

Feasibility study of student-led fall prevention care management: Reducing fall risks in assisted living facilities

Jan 1, 2023
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: In two AL communities, twenty-five adults over the age of 65 or who fell in the previous year evaluated a student-led Fall Prevention Care Management (FPCM) program. Despite some positive outcomes (improved fall prevention behaviors and reduced fear of falling), there were some limitations, including disinterest in fall prevention from some participants. However, participants rated the program highly, meaning student-run fall prevention programs may be effective for some AL residents.

Feasibility study of student-led fall prevention care management: Reducing fall risks in assisted living facilities

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: In two AL communities, twenty-five adults over the age of 65 or who fell in the previous year evaluated a student-led Fall Prevention Care Management (FPCM) program. Despite some positive outcomes (improved fall prevention behaviors and reduced fear of falling), there were some limitations, including disinterest in fall prevention from some participants. However, participants rated the program highly, meaning student-run fall prevention programs may be effective for some AL residents.

Now You’re Tax‐Exempt, Now You’re Not: Property Taxation of Assisted Living Facilities

Jan 1, 2023
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Nonprofit AL communities in Florida lost their tax-exempt status in 2006 and regained it in 2017. Even when nonprofit AL communities had to pay property taxes, they provided higher-quality services than for-profit communities: more nursing staff, residents, and variety in care. In contrast, for-profit AL communities had more substantiated complaints and deficiencies, faced more sanctions after inspections, and incurred higher fines on average.

Now You’re Tax‐Exempt, Now You’re Not: Property Taxation of Assisted Living Facilities

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Nonprofit AL communities in Florida lost their tax-exempt status in 2006 and regained it in 2017. Even when nonprofit AL communities had to pay property taxes, they provided higher-quality services than for-profit communities: more nursing staff, residents, and variety in care. In contrast, for-profit AL communities had more substantiated complaints and deficiencies, faced more sanctions after inspections, and incurred higher fines on average.

Patient Safety Culture in Assisted Living: Staff Perceptions and Association with State Regulations

Dec 1, 2022
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: A total of 714 administrators and direct care workers in 257 assisted living communities reported that direct care workers had a more negative perception of patient safety culture (PSC) than administrators. Stricter state regulations, particularly regarding staffing, were associated with better perceptions of PSC among direct care workers.

Patient Safety Culture in Assisted Living: Staff Perceptions and Association with State Regulations

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: A total of 714 administrators and direct care workers in 257 assisted living communities reported that direct care workers had a more negative perception of patient safety culture (PSC) than administrators. Stricter state regulations, particularly regarding staffing, were associated with better perceptions of PSC among direct care workers.

Are Online Reviews of Assisted Living Communities Associated with Patient-Centered Outcomes?

Dec 1, 2022
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Findings from this study suggest that AL's online reviews may signal quality of care issues, offering consumers information to make more informed decisions in their AL selection, and that reviews may offer insight into residents' perspectives. However, ratings should not replace, but rather complement, other traditional ways of assessing resident experiences because of rating system limitations. Additionally, ratings may assist providers in making improvements to their ALs based on resident feedback, and function as a data source for policymakers about AL quality of care.

Are Online Reviews of Assisted Living Communities Associated with Patient-Centered Outcomes?

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Findings from this study suggest that AL’s online reviews may signal quality of care issues, offering consumers information to make more informed decisions in their AL selection, and that reviews may offer insight into residents’ perspectives. However, ratings should not replace, but rather complement, other traditional ways of assessing resident experiences because of rating system limitations. Additionally, ratings may assist providers in making improvements to their ALs based on resident feedback, and function as a data source for policymakers about AL quality of care.

Survey Deficiencies as Quality Indicators in Oregon Assisted Living Communities

Oct 1, 2022
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Almost 80% of inspections from 526 assisted living communities in Oregon revealed at least one deficiency; the most common deficiency types were medications and medical treatments, monitoring changes in residents' conditions, and health services. Characteristics associated with more deficiencies included larger size, memory care designation, shorter administrator tenure, and for-profit status. The number and likelihood of a given community receiving a deficiency decreased over the study period (2008-2016).

Survey Deficiencies as Quality Indicators in Oregon Assisted Living Communities

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Almost 80% of inspections from 526 assisted living communities in Oregon revealed at least one deficiency; the most common deficiency types were medications and medical treatments, monitoring changes in residents’ conditions, and health services. Characteristics associated with more deficiencies included larger size, memory care designation, shorter administrator tenure, and for-profit status. The number and likelihood of a given community receiving a deficiency decreased over the study period (2008-2016).

Promoting Quality of Life and Safety in Assisted Living: A Survey of State Monitoring and Enforcement Agents

Oct 1, 2022
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Surveys from regulatory administrators in 48 states indicated that in more than half of states, regulatory monitoring was handled by at least three agencies with differing resources (e.g., budget, staffing) and methods (e.g., inspections). Less than half of the states compiled data from inspections, violations, and penalties, and fewer than 10 made this information easily available to the public.

Promoting Quality of Life and Safety in Assisted Living: A Survey of State Monitoring and Enforcement Agents

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Surveys from regulatory administrators in 48 states indicated that in more than half of states, regulatory monitoring was handled by at least three agencies with differing resources (e.g., budget, staffing) and methods (e.g., inspections). Less than half of the states compiled data from inspections, violations, and penalties, and fewer than 10 made this information easily available to the public.

Recommendations for Medical and Mental Health Care in Assisted Living Based on an Expert Delphi Consensus Panel

Sep 1, 2022
Importance: Assisted living (AL) is the largest provider of residential long-term care in the US, and the morbidity of AL residents has been rising. However, AL is not a health care setting, and concern has been growing about residents’ medical and mental health needs. No guidance exists to inform this care. Objective: To identify consensus […]

Recommendations for Medical and Mental Health Care in Assisted Living Based on an Expert Delphi Consensus Panel

by Lea Efird-Green

Importance: Assisted living (AL) is the largest provider of residential long-term care in the US, and the morbidity of AL residents has been rising. However, AL is not a health care setting, and concern has been growing about residents’ medical and mental health needs. No guidance exists to inform this care. Objective: To identify consensus […]

Pilot Testing of the Promoting Positive Care Interactions Intervention in Assisted Living

Aug 1, 2022
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Promoting Positive Care Interactions, a staff training program to establish positive care interactions with residents, was tested with 17 care staff in the memory care unit of one assisted living community. Although there were no significant changes in staff outcomes, participants’ perception of the community’s environment and policies improved, and staff showed good engagement throughout the study.

Pilot Testing of the Promoting Positive Care Interactions Intervention in Assisted Living

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Promoting Positive Care Interactions, a staff training program to establish positive care interactions with residents, was tested with 17 care staff in the memory care unit of one assisted living community. Although there were no significant changes in staff outcomes, participants’ perception of the community’s environment and policies improved, and staff showed good engagement throughout the study.

The Impact of FFC-AL-EIT-D in Assisted Living during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Jun 1, 2022
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Function Focused Care was tested in 51 assisted living communities in one state during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although there was no change in resident falls, emergency room visits, hospitalizations, or transfers to nursing homes, organizational policies and environments supporting physical activity for residents improved.

The Impact of FFC-AL-EIT-D in Assisted Living during the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Function Focused Care was tested in 51 assisted living communities in one state during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although there was no change in resident falls, emergency room visits, hospitalizations, or transfers to nursing homes, organizational policies and environments supporting physical activity for residents improved.

Developing a Toolkit to Improve Resident and Family Engagement in the Safety of Assisted Living: Engage – A Stakeholder-Engaged Research Protocol

May 1, 2022
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: This study protocol describes the methods to be used in developing a toolkit for increased resident and family engagement in assisted living community safety planning; it includes a scoping review, qualitative interviews, and stakeholder meetings. The study’s goals include identifying, prioritizing, and evaluating existing engagement methods around safety concerns in assisted living and developing a toolkit that helps residents and families engage more frequently.

Developing a Toolkit to Improve Resident and Family Engagement in the Safety of Assisted Living: Engage – A Stakeholder-Engaged Research Protocol

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: This study protocol describes the methods to be used in developing a toolkit for increased resident and family engagement in assisted living community safety planning; it includes a scoping review, qualitative interviews, and stakeholder meetings. The study’s goals include identifying, prioritizing, and evaluating existing engagement methods around safety concerns in assisted living and developing a toolkit that helps residents and families engage more frequently.

The Ethics in Long-Term Care Model: Everyday Ethics and the Unseen Moral Landscape of Assisted Living

Apr 1, 2022
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Drawing from existing research, theories, and case examples, this article highlighted moral complexities experienced in assisted living (e.g., privacy, sexual intimacy, safety and risk) and proposed a framework to identify and address these issues and promote more ethically sound practices. The proposed model centers on moral decision-making and interpersonal encounters and is intended to guide future research, policy, and practice.

The Ethics in Long-Term Care Model: Everyday Ethics and the Unseen Moral Landscape of Assisted Living

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Drawing from existing research, theories, and case examples, this article highlighted moral complexities experienced in assisted living (e.g., privacy, sexual intimacy, safety and risk) and proposed a framework to identify and address these issues and promote more ethically sound practices. The proposed model centers on moral decision-making and interpersonal encounters and is intended to guide future research, policy, and practice.

Monitoring Laboratory Parameters for Drug Toxicity in Assisted Living Facilities

Mar 1, 2022
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: This quality improvement project focused on performing recommended laboratory tests per FDA medication labeling in a 58-bed assisted living community. Before the project, almost 60% of resident records had gaps in lab monitoring of medications, which was worsened because of COVID-19 restrictions. The project focused on close provider collaboration to ensure labs were conducted; after the project, almost 90% of residents received necessary lab tests for their medications.

Monitoring Laboratory Parameters for Drug Toxicity in Assisted Living Facilities

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: This quality improvement project focused on performing recommended laboratory tests per FDA medication labeling in a 58-bed assisted living community. Before the project, almost 60% of resident records had gaps in lab monitoring of medications, which was worsened because of COVID-19 restrictions. The project focused on close provider collaboration to ensure labs were conducted; after the project, almost 90% of residents received necessary lab tests for their medications.

Reimagining Medical Care in Assisted Living

Feb 1, 2022
WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Three industry-wide proposals were recommended to enhance medical care quality for AL residents: regular on-site medical visits; employing experienced professionals in long-term and end-of-life care; and the introduction of an AL medical director role to establish rules, staff qualifications, and collaboration. The researchers acknowledge that adaptations may be necessary to adhere to these recommendations due to community size and availability of resources.

Reimagining Medical Care in Assisted Living

by Lea Efird-Green

WHAT THIS MEANS FOR YOU: Three industry-wide proposals were recommended to enhance medical care quality for AL residents: regular on-site medical visits; employing experienced professionals in long-term and end-of-life care; and the introduction of an AL medical director role to establish rules, staff qualifications, and collaboration. The researchers acknowledge that adaptations may be necessary to adhere to these recommendations due to community size and availability of resources.